Aging and Pandemics

Populations change.  Not only do people change--people die and babies are born each day--but the structure of a population changes.  These sequential changes that every population goes through, predicts that we are entering a scary stage.

The theory goes something like this. A hundred and more years ago women gave birth to a lot of children only to see most of them die of infections and famine. Then we saw improved access to clean water, better sanitation and a better diet, which led to fewer diseases and a decline in deaths from infections and famine.  Women started having fewer children and most survived through adulthood. With fewer children being born and increasing survival, we reach a stage in our population where we are today in most developed countries--a very low incidence of infectious diseases and women continue having smaller families. In most developed countries today, women are having so few children that, without immigration, our populations will start to decline.

As a result we have entered the age of gerontology, were we have an aging population and a shrinking younger population.

With an aging population come a wave of chronic diseases--stroke, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Medicine,  in the face of such chronic diseases, starts focussing more on monitoring and maintaining health rather than battling infectious diseases. Because of this stability, from now on, populations fluctuate only as a result of wars and epidemics. We cannot predict wars, but we can predict pandemics.

We are at present going through one of the most lethal pandemics in our history. HIV/AIDS has now already claimed over 22 million people. More than 42 million are currently living with the disease and even if a vaccine for HIV were discovered today, over 40 million people would still die prematurely as a result of AIDS.

Despite this threat,  the two pandemics that clinicians seem more worried about--because of their unpredictability--are influenza and antibiotic resistant infections.

After five main pandemics of influenza, history has taught us that there will be emerging influenza pandemics every thirty to fifty years. Studies are showing how dangerous the last avian flu could have been if it became airborne. This type of airborne influenza--or its 144 variants--can devastate populations as the Spanish Flu did at the turn of the century with over 50 million people killed.

The second emerging concern is drug resistant infections. The spread of bacteria, virus or cancer cells that is resistance to drugs is man-made. Although Joshua and Esther Lederberg while at the University of Wisconsin-Madison showed that resistant bacteria has always been present, their increase is brought about by inappropriate and ineffective use of antibiotics. We are carelessly engineering super bacteria. The World Health Organization reports that, as an example, there are 50 million people with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, which exist in 49 countries, including the United States.

Although we have entered a tranquil and stable stage in our population--with an aging population where we are mainly dealing with long-term diseases--we do have the threat of pandemics that will dramatically affect this equilibrium. The question is not how, but when.


Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com

How Physicians Die

Sherwin Nuland wrote a beautiful book about How We Die.  Similar to other physicians, Nuland got to observe a multitude of deaths. So he knows intuitively as well as scientifically about the dying process. From this vantage point, physicians have a unique perspective about their own morbidity and ultimate mortality which the rest of us non-clinical lay persons do not have.

Ken Murray, a retired family medicine physician and Clinical Assistant Professor at the University of Southern California, has written extensively on this and one of the conclusions that he makes is that physicians would want better quality of their remaining life rather than quantity.

Such assertions have been supported by convincing anecdotal evidence, but only recently did we obtain some proof to substantiate this.

In 2008, Marsha Wittink from the University of Rochester Medical Center, with her colleagues published a study that reported that physicians who initially wanted the most aggressive treatment for their disease, changed their mind three years later. However, although some changed their mind, there were some (41%) who still wanted the most aggressive treatment. It is therefore not clear-cut.

For some people, including physicians, they change their mind when they are dying. Some want a hasty natural ending, others hold on to life at all costs. How true is this if you know you are dying anyway?

The answer came in a study published in 2011 by Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca, and his colleagues from the University Hospital Basel in Switzerland. These Swiss researchers talked to 555 heart failure elderly patients about their end-of-life preferences. They repeated the interview again in twelve months and then again in another six months. What they found is that seven out of ten patients initially said they would rather live two years in their current state then live only one year in excellent health. After a year elapsed, this proportion grew to eight in ten and remained the same after eighteen months.

Some people have interpreted this finding as indicating that most people want to live at all costs which becomes more acute the closer you are to death.  However, surprisingly, when the researchers asked patients whether they wanted CPR in a crisis, about a third said no. While another third said they did want CPR—even among patients with "do not resuscitate" orders in their medical files.

In all this uncertainty, the correct interpretation is that most people opt to live despite the physical discomfort. But when the time comes, a third of patients want the natural process to take its course. What this tells us is that we are dealing with a lot of variables and that one policy does not fit all.

The statistics from the Oregon Death With Dignity Act (DWDA) tell us that for the 70 or so patients who go through with DWDA a year, they are exclusively White, are more likely to be better educated (four out of ten have a degree), tend to have cancer (eight out of ten) and have informed their family about their wishes. This is a very privileged and small minority but an important one.

The lesson to take is that each case is unique and there can be no one policy for everyone.We should respect all individual options when it comes to death.

Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com

Dying Priorities

The most divisive issue in America is not the economy, politics, war on drugs, racism, health care or our ongoing military wars across the world. The most recent Gallup's annual Values and Beliefs survey of 2010 reported that doctor-assisted suicide is the most controversial of the issues tested. Equally 46% reported that it is moral unacceptability and morally acceptable.

In contrast, Americans are fairly unified in their opposition to another life-ending choice--suicide--with 77% calling this morally wrong. Taking subordinate position in dividing the nation is gay and lesbian relations, abortion and having a baby outside marriage. 

All these issue drive to the heart of the American ideal of personal freedom.  And yet Americans remain fixated on an issue of doctor-assisted suicide—better known as Dying With Dignity Act (DWDA)—where nationally, in 2011, only 71 people died using this option. In contrast to the 2.5 million Americans that die each year, those that die with DWDA are a very very small minority. They are nearly exclusively White, primarily women, educated, and exclusively people with life threatening disease (mainly cancer.)  

While many people are blessed to be released from life from a final act of covert over-medication, such action is necessarily too late. And while most Americans think a good death consists of dying at home, surrounded by family, and free from pain and suffering—regardless of one’s age, gender, ethnicity, or religious background—one in five people die in an Intensive Care Unit. Death for most Americans is a medical failure rather than a dignified release.

Except for physicians, who tend to shy away from aggressive medical treatment when the prognosis is negative, most Americans tend to undergo a lot of unnecessary, expensive and invasive treatment.

But three of every four Americans do not fear death as much as they fear being in pain at the time of death.  Despite these clearly stated and seemingly universal preferences, too many of the 2.5 million Americans who die in health care settings each year suffer needlessly in pain at the end of life.

And this should be the national issue. Nearly eight out of every ten hospital deaths occurred without a palliative care /formal pain management. More than four out of every five older adults in long-term care facility experienced untreated or under-treated pain at the time of death. While 70 percent of all Medicare decedents, regardless of their age or where they died, received an inadequate amount of pain management.

Sara Imhof and Brian Kaskie predicted in 2008 that "we can only conclude that public policies will fall even further behind the advancement of evidence-based pain-policy guidelines, and the number of Americans who continue to suffer needlessly in pain at the time of death will only increase."

It does not have to be this way. Dying in pain is a national travesty. We need to honor the body’s capacity to let go. In studies that looked at voluntary refusal of food and fluids, nurses report that patients die more serenely then with DWDA. The body knows how to shut itself down. We need to incorporate a dignified exit in our health care system where Americans can at least be protected from a painful death.

Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com

Being Happy Changes You

Why do happy people live longer?

The idea that an optimistic attitude causes people to live longer has been repeatedly observed. Although we identify our longevity to having “good” genes, only recently have we began to understand how our genes are affected by how happy we are.

The best way to study the effect of genetics on longevity is to look at twins. Monozygotic twins, those that split from one egg, have nearly similar genetic makeup. Twins that have a different egg (dizygotic) only share the same level of genotype as with any other siblings.

More than three decades ago, Cook and his associates published a study in 1981 looking at the onset of dementia among monozygotic twins who were both affected by Alzheimer's dementia. In one case study, dementia began in her late 60s, while in the other twin the onset of dementia was at age 83.

Subsequent studies confirm that although monozygotic twins might both have the disease, how they express them and when they express the disease might differ. The difference used to be attributed to the environment. But recent studies blurred the difference between genetics and the environment. 

Twelve years ago, in 2000, Randy Jirtle and Robert Waterlanda from Duke University modified the expression of an agouti gene that which made mice fat, yellow and prone to cancer and diabetes.  These mice did not live very long. The researchers produced young mice that were slender brown and without displaying their parents' susceptibility to cancer and diabetes and lived to an active old age. The effects of the agouti gene had been virtually erased.  

Remarkably, the researchers modified the expression of this gene not by altering the mouse's DNA, but by changing the moms' diet.  Feeding the mother a diet rich in onions, garlic, beets, and in the food supplements often given to pregnant women the researchers provided a chemical switch that reduced the agouti gene's harmful effects. 

These foods--known as methyl donors--enhance or diminish gene activation and gave birth to a whole new science of epigenetics. But can epigenetic changes influence longevity?

In 2012, Jordana Bell of King's College London and colleagues looked at the DNA of 86 sets of twin sisters aged 32 to 80, and repeated with another 44 sets of younger twins aged 22 to 61, and discovered that 490 genes linked with ageing showed signs of epigenetic change. In particular, among these malleable gene expression were four genes that relate to cholesterol, lung function and maternal longevity.

What is phenomenally interesting is that these changes are not just brought about by diet and methyl rich donors, but also by such lifestyle factors such as smoking, environmental pollution, stresses, and attitude.  So we might say that optimistic attitude allows your good genes to shine through while diminishing the effect of  your bad genes. And the effect jumps across generations. If you are long lived, thank your grandparents for being optimistic.

Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com

New Insights in Aging

http://www.amazon.com/dp/B008031ZB2

Why America’s Aging Population is not the reason for the Legacy of Debt

Mario D. Garrett – February 20, 2011

AMERICANS HAVE a looming obligated deficit of $63.6 trillion—a figure which is more than what the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the entire world produces ($61.1 trillion), and about four times the GDP of the United States ($14.6 trillion.) This is the largest single debt in the world’s history.

Some blame all or part of this deficit on an aging population, arguing that increasing cost in health care spending, Medicare and Social Security are the main culprits for this obligated debt. Others point to the growing deficits that we build annually into our federal budget, driven by our military spending and pork barrel earmarks. In 2011, we have added an additional $1.6 trillion to the national deficit. If, as some economists predict, our current ailing economy will continue to suffer, then it is imperative to question the legacy that we are leaving our children and grandchildren, and to examine the real reason why we have a deficit and whether an aging population is to blame. This article goes beyond the clichés and the sound bites to expose the  underlying dynamics of how aging in America came about and how the obligated deficit has been created. The aging of America exposes a radical and political game changer.

The reality of an aging population is that it has been driven by social factors rather than by people living longer. In the last century (1900-2000) in the United States, life expectancy for 65 year olds has increased by only 5.7 years. This is less then present difference in life expectancy at birth between Whites and Blacks in America—which is 6.3 years. Instead, two of the most important contributing factors to the aging of populations are the decline in births and the decline in infant mortality. These two phenomena go hand-in-hand.

While the decline in infant mortality was orchestrated by improved sanitation, clean water, improved diet and the introduction of immunization—a decline in the birth rate came about as a result of women becoming better educated. Better-educated women have fewer children—because they are either studying/working, they have reduced incentive and opportunity to bear many children—and they tend to have children later in life, with greater lag in-between bearing children. With better education come better personal health practices, more nurturing of infants and consequently better survival through infancy.

Women’s educational attainment in the United States (both high school and college) shot up in the fifties partly due to the GI Bill and increased federal funding for higher education. Beginning after WWII, the nation’s share of female workers rose from less than 25 percent to 38 percent (1970) to 47 percent (2009). The ripple effect from this simple yet dynamic social change is far reaching. The crude birth rate (number of births per 1,000 people) went up at the end of the Second World War peaking at 26 followed by a gradual decline to fewer than 15—which created the baby boom. Over the next six decades these baby boomers started to become older: while the decline in the birth rate continued. So much so that in developed countries, the fertility rate has dipped below replacement level and is still plummeting despite policies in Europe that are attempting to reverse it. This has serious implications as we shall see.

A decline in the number of children means that our labor market will shrink. This is important because we euphemistically refer to Social Security—which also applies to Medicare as well—as a “pay-as-you-go” system. This means that money that workers pay today goes to support the benefits of existing retirees. If we have fewer workers paying into the system, while at the same time experiencing a growing population of beneficiaries, then we have a problem of how to pay these entitlements. In the past we had a surplus with more workers than beneficiaries.

When there was a surplus, the government spent it. For this expenditure, the government prints out treasury special issues—known as trust fund bonds that are not real bonds since they cannot be sold or exchanged. Even the interest on these trust fund bonds are again paid in treasury special issues trust fund bonds. People mistake these bonds as real. Unlike other treasury bonds, these are printed on paper and are filed away in a four-drawer cabinet. However the 2009 Social Security Trustees Report was explicit in explaining that: "Neither the redemption of trust fund bonds, nor interest paid on those bonds, provides any new net income to the Treasury, which must finance redemptions and interest payments through some combination of increased taxation, reductions in other government spending, or additional borrowing from the public." This means that these are not funds or bonds, since to pay this money back the government itself admits that it will have to raise taxes, borrow more, or print additional monies to honor them. The government cannot sell these trust fund bonds on the market because they are worthless. The trust fund bonds are paper IOUs that are valueless unless the government can repay them.

Started by President Reagan—and followed by all other presidents—this newly establish Social Security surplus, was put into the general fund. As a result, each year’s surplus is spent every year. At different times, three members of Congress expressed public outrage at this practice; these were Senators Daniel Patrick Moynihan of NY, Harry Reid of NV, and Ernest Hollings of SC. What was needed was a law to separate these Social Security surpluses away from the budget so that they do not get spent and instead get invested for the benefit of future retirees. This is exactly the law that President Bush signed in 1990. The Budget Enforcement Act—Section 13301—made it illegal for Congress to use Social Security funds by excluding Social Security from all budgets including the congressional budget (taking it “off budget”). However to this day, this law is ignored. If that surplus remained in a fund, then the solvency of Social Security would not be jeopardized. If the fund still existed, Social Security would not have to rely solely on future cohorts. Congress robbed the cookie jar and is now blaming the very people that put the cookies in the jar in the first place.

Congress has not had the ability to stay within budget (apart from 1999 and 2000) and it is unlikely that they will save enough to be capable of honoring the obligation for Social Security which stands at $7.6 trillion, and the obligation for Medicare which stands at $38.1 trillion. More telling is that there is no such budget plan by Congress to ever do so. This year, 2011, our annual Social Security surpluses have disappeared. Not only do we have to contend with a deficit every year—with no surplus money coming from Social Security—but we also have to find money to start paying retirees from sources other than Social Security contributions. The sad part of this story is that we have known this will happen for at least three decades.

The 1982 Greenspan Commission was established to study and make recommendations to Congress on how to solve the Social Security obligations when the baby boomers mature. The recommendation was for a major payroll tax hike to generate Social Security surpluses for the next 30 years, in order to build up a large reserve in the trust fund that could be drawn when the boomers become retirees—now. In effect, the 1982 increases in contributions meant that the baby boomers funded for their eventual retirement as well as funding the benefits of the retirees at the time. This created a massive surplus. A surplus that was designed to fund the eventual retirement benefits of the baby boomers. However, as we have seen, these surpluses were never invested, they were spent.

The other part of this double jeopardy concerns Medicare. Medicare by far is the largest federal obligation, and will overshadow all other budget items within the federal government. By 2007, total spending on health care in the United States was $2.3 trillion or $7,600 per person. The percentage of GDP that is spent on national health is projected to continue to increase (from 5.2 percent in 1960 to 20 percent in 2016), which translates to $4.2 trillion. Rising health care costs are an emergent issue especially for the United States. By comparison, Switzerland, Germany and France allocated around 11 percent of their GDP to health. But despite this enormous outlay of resources on health services in the United States, these dollars do not translate to better health.

While health care costs in the United States are mushrooming—consuming a greater part of our GDP—there exist no comparable improved health outcomes, such as improved life expectancy. The United States continues to slide further behind other countries in health status. In 1997, the U.S. ranked 15th in mortality. Since then, Finland, Portugal, the United Kingdom and Ireland have reduced the rate of preventable deaths more rapidly than the United States. Similarly disappointing are results of child well-being, in which the U.S. ranked second to last when compared to twenty one countries similar to the United States in terms of their economies.

If U.S. health care costs are not contributing to improved health, where are resources going? The United States spends six times more per capita on the administration of the health care system than its peer Western European nations. Moreover, more U.S. health care costs are primarily expended on the dying. During the five-year period 2001–05, nearly a third of total Medicare spending—31.7 percent—went toward the care of moribund patients with severe chronic illness during their last two years of life. It seems that our health system has not learned how to deal with an aging population that naturally dies. And it will continue to ignore the moral, ethical and economic issues as long as other cohorts are footing the bill.

Both Social Security and Medicare surpluses—ostensibly different and separate programs—are comingled in one big trough from which both Democrats and Republicans feed. Some have referred to social security—and, by association, Medicare—as a ponzi scheme. Its viability depends on an intergenerational exchange. Those that contribute into the system today, pay for all benefits of today’s retirees. Implicit in this arrangement is that future contributors into social security would then pay for the current workers when they retire in the future. This intergenerational exchange is more demanding on future cohorts since the proportion of workers to retirees will decrease. Future cohorts will continue to bear a larger and larger responsibility for paying off previous debt.

But future cohorts are changing. The intergenerational exchange becomes an interethnic exchange. By 2050, minorities—those who identify themselves as Hispanic, black, Asian, American Indian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander or mixed race—will account for 54 percent of the U.S. population (currently 34%), which is projected to total 439 million that year. Among the nation’s children, the trend is even more pronounced so that by 2050, this will jump to 62 percent (compared to 44 percent today).

Immigration is playing a leading role in both the growth and changing composition of the U.S. population, points out the Pew Research Center. It finds that immigrants and their descendants will account for 82 percent of the projected population increase from 2005 to 2050. Nearly 20 percent of Americans will be foreign born in 2050, compared with 12 percent in 2005, the center projects. On the other side of the Medicare/Social Security equation, one in five people will be 65 and older by 2050 and 59 percent will be White. While by 2050, there will be 19 million people age 85 and older and 67percent will be White.

So the weight of the Medicare/Social Security burden will be borne primarily by minorities—and immigrants—for the benefit of predominantly White retirees. By the time these younger largely minority cohorts, who have contributed towards the benefits of the emerging baby boomers, get to retire themselves, these benefits will be dramatically reduced since the solvency of Medicare/Social Security can only be achieved by an increase in contributions and/or a decrease in benefits.

This inequity is further exacerbated because of the diminished life expectancy of minorities compared to Whites. Minorities do not receive the same total level of benefits as Whites because they die earlier. Predictions indicated that life expectancy will decline and will primarily affect minorities. There is also a disproportionate level of contribution from minorities because Social Security contribution is capped at $106,800, minorities, on the whole, contribute at the full percentage, while the mainly White—and in smaller numbers, Asian—pay an increasingly smaller percentage the higher their income is above the cap.

The demographics that determine an uneven playing field are dictating that minorities will pay more into Medicare/Social Security—more minority younger cohorts with a  higher percentage contribution into Social Security—but they will benefit less due to shorter life expectancy, and smaller individual contributions. But the inequity is that minorities depend on social security to a greater degree than Whites. A much higher percentage of minorities relied on Social Security for all of their income; 33 percent of Blacks and 33 percent of Hispanics, compared with only 16 percent of Whites. The reality of an intergenerational and interethnic exchange becomes more apparent because we need to further promote it to be able to stay economically viable.

We are witnessing a chronically sick economy driven by a narcissistic political system that does not have any long term objectives and which is not held accountable for its excesses. We stand as a nation in a quandary and there are no real solutions come through the densely managed media. As with anyone facing a major health issues, the prognosis calls for radical change. We need to change how we do business, again.

How do we move forward to bring about change? A Bloomberg National Poll of December 2010 reported that three quarters of respondents saw unemployment, jobs, Federal deficit and spending most important issue facing the country right now. As with most terminal diagnosis the prognosis needs to be radical. There is a need for invasive and strategic change in how we are doing business. In order to bring about change we need to start a discussion on issues that elicit visceral reactions in most people. We need to put these on the table and to engage the public to understand these interventions: and then to implement change. Dissent is the voice of change.

• Medicare. We have to deal with health care costs if we are going to be serious about economic reform, and Medicare costs are prime for change. A third of all costs go toward the care of patients during their last two years of life. Although we do not know when some patients will die, we do know which patients prefer to not have invasive interventions. We need to honor people’s wish to die with dignity. Death among frail older adults is not a failure. Physician assisted suicide and voluntary refusal for food and fluids needs to be part of any geriatric program including Medicare.

• Eliminate administration. In business cutting overhead and administration and focusing on the product is what keeps the company competitive. The same needs to be true in our economy. Where there are large administrative bodies such as in education, health, government or military, the role of administration needs to be reexamined. One example is to replace layers of defunct bureaucracy with computer technology. For example, information technology can be used for health care surveillance and monitoring where individual prescriptions can be tracked digitally to reduce the possibility of drug to drug interaction.

• Education for all. The primary engine for the economy and health is education. Educational opportunities should be expanded to ensure that those who have a capacity to learn have the opportunity to do so, and for those with diminished capacity to offer remedial education for life. School needs to be de-centralized with more public education taken on at libraries, adult enrichment centers, community colleges, high schools and work settings. Re-employment funds that will sponsor workers in new jobs for up to a certain number of years, will replace unemployment benefit. This will provide an incentive for the employer to hire more workers, and provide an incentive for the worker to re-train in emerging industries. Being unemployed should never be an option.

• Eliminate insurance companies from Health Care. At least 24% of every healthcare dollar goes toward insurance firms’ administrative expenses and payment processes. The use of computerized technology–including innovative smart card technology, mHealth, telemedicine and other technology driven application to improve healthcare services–would make middlemen insurers unnecessary.

• Separate funds for Social Security and Medicare. Keep the surpluses off budget. Social Security and Medicare are the most successful programs in our history and they have contributed to a more equitable society. Remove the cap on contribution from Social Security (currently at $106,800). Ensure a generous sliding scale so that those who are less needy receive less benefit then those who depend completely on these programs. Allow survivors benefits to only one ex-spouse. Include all workers into the program. Currently some workers can opt out. Make it a national program without any “opting out” options.

• Promote Immigration. Over the long run, a net inflow of immigrants equal to 1% of employment increases income per worker by 0.6% to 0.9%. This implies that total immigration to the United States from 1990 to 2007 was associated with a 6.6% to 9.9% increase in real income per worker. That equals to an increase of about $5,100 in the yearly income of the average U.S. worker in constant 2005 dollars. Such a gain equals 20% to 25% of the total real increase in average yearly income per worker registered in the United States between 1990 and 2007.

As with any terminal diagnosis the remedy might be repugnant, but these interventions are necessary in order to truly change the way we are doing business in America. By definition, changing how we do business needs to be radical in order to be effective, and bring about change. It is a legacy that we need to promote. As with the social factors that brought about the aging of America, we need to change social structure in order to effectively accommodate these changes. By becoming more equitable, we would regain our legacy and we can ensure that we have successfully passed the baton to our more diverse children.

______________

Mario Garrett is a psychologist and professor at San Diego State University. He has worked at the United Nations International Institute on Aging, and universities in London, Bristol, Bath, Malta, Texas and New Mexico.

Conceptual Solution to Elder Abuse

Nothing makes it faster into the newspapers then a sensational story of physical or sexual abuse of a vulnerable person. We find such atrocities repugnant. Each incident diminishes our expectations of ourselves as civilized—we become less human. 

What distinguishes elder abuse from any other type of abuse is that—sadly—it is all too predictable. We can predict with some level of accurately who is prone to elder abuse in terms of both becoming a victim, and becoming abusive. Unlike any other type of abuse, elder abuse is predictable.

The few statistics that we have show that those who become abused are more likely to be isolated female with some form of vulnerability, whether that is physical or mental. Also, an abused older adult suffering from dementia makes it less easy to prosecute. By the time the case makes it through the ponderous legal system there is a likely chance that cognitive impairment has become more pronounced. People who experience violence tend to suffer dementia earlier, faster.

On the other hand, those who abuse are more likely to be male family members, most often the victim’s adult child or spouse. The familial relationship makes it that much harder to report. Research has shown that the abusers in many instances are financially dependent on the elder’s resources and have alcohol and drugs problems. A study by Arnold S. Brown from Northern Arizona University, showed that a large number of people who commit elder abuse have themselves been abused as children. Abuse is a learned behavior.  

How we deal with abuse as a society is unfortunately outdated. The response grew from treating elder abuse like child abuse.  The current system of prosecuting cases in court is untenable. There is also a dark side of how law is used. In terms of financial abuse, there is growing anecdotal evidence suggesting that older adults are being denied access to their bank funds because of concerns that they are withdrawing too much money. There is a fine line between protecting the older adults and treating them as children. 

Even if there is financial abuse and the case—as an exception—makes it to court, in virtually all cases little of the stolen money is recovered.  In cases of physical abuse the ponderous slowness of the legal profession that does not protect the victim from escalation and in some cases fatality. But the overwhelming concern is the demographic revolution that will overwhelm the system purely on the number of frail older adults that are emerging.

The solution is therefore to prevent abuse from happening. Being predictable helps us to prevent it. Canadians are ahead of us here. They developed an effective “buddy system” where volunteers befriend vulnerable older adults. In order to not loose our humanity we need to be more social. Perhaps the reason we feel less civilized is because we have become less civilized, we have lost our social capital.  An excellent summary of such a program is to be found at the University of California at Irvine website, www.centeronelderabuse.org.

Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com

The Age of Psychology

Human populations across the world are changing. They are becoming older, both in terms of the number of older adults and in terms of how many older adults there are to the younger population. Such changes have an effect on numerous issues such as funding and provision of housing, transportation, income and health.

Health is perhaps that most important of these changes because it affects us personally, is usually irreversible, and affects all the other issues directly. With an aging population, pattern of diseases have changed.  Throughout our life, most have experienced a death of a close acquaintance due to an infection or an accident. We all remember some great epidemics that have hit the Unites States.  Killing 500,000 people, the 1918 outbreak of Spanish influenza was the worst single U.S. epidemic. This was followed in 1949 by the polio epidemic when 42,173 cases were reported with 2,720 deaths.  More recently, another polio epidemic three years later in 1952 that killed 3,300 with 57,628 cases reported.

We are going through another epidemic now. An epidemic that was discovered in 1981 with AIDS, with a total estimated 988,376 U.S. AIDS cases with 550,394 deaths. The most recent epidemic was the 2009 H1N1 epidemic known as Swine Flu, affected more than 70 countries with 22 million Americans contracting the virus, and when about 3,900 Americans died.

Such seemingly catastrophic and unnecessary deaths pail in comparison to deaths from chronic diseases which are becoming more and more common because of an aging population. Chronic diseases--such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and arthritis--are among the most common, costly, and preventable of all health problems in the U.S.  Seven out of 10 deaths among Americans each year are from chronic diseases. Heart disease, cancer and stroke account for more than 50% of all deaths each year.

And chronic diseases not only cause death they diminish the quality of life. In 2005, 133 million Americans--almost half of all adults--had at least one chronic illness.  Arthritis is the most common cause of disability, with nearly 19 million Americans reporting activity limitations. Diabetes continues to be the leading cause of kidney failure, non-accident lower-extremity amputations, and blindness among adults.

Out of this changing situation, the fastest growing cause of death in America is however due to dementia. Unlike heart disease and cancer death rates--which are continuing to decline--deaths from Alzheimer’s disease are on the rise. Alzheimer’s disease is the 5th leading cause of death for adults aged 65 years and older. Driven by the sheer numbers of older adults, an estimated 5.4 million Americans have Alzheimer’s disease. This number has doubled since 1980, and is expected to be as high as 16 million by 2050. Julie Bynum, from the Dartmouth Institute Center for Health Policy Research estimated that Medicare and Medicaid spending for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease in 2011 is $130 billion.

While clinical intervention have proved inconsequential in reversing this trend, psychology, and the science of neurology will become more significant disciplines in addressing this new age.

Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com

Older Adults in Films: The Invisible Older Woman

According to the Nielsen Company’s market research, Americans increased their television viewing in 2010 to an astounding average of 34 hours per person per week. In addition, that same year, more than three out of four Americans went to the movies at least once. Latinos, followed by Blacks, went more often than Whites.

But how much does our fascination with media shape our views of reality?  The content of the tv shows and films we love provides a distorted representation of our society. The impression we receive is that older adults are the exception. Although prime time television portrays many young adults (20–34 years old), significantly fewer older adults appear on screen. Older adults make up about 3% of television characters, but comprise almost 15% of the total population. This finding is consistent throughout the short history of television.  The same pattern emerges when we examine television advertising, game shows and cartoons. Fewer than one in 20 of all characters is aged 55 years and older. Even in soap operas—typically replete with older-looking actors—older adults are still under-represented, although appearances go up to 8%. The same is true for magazine advertisements, where older adults comprise only about 6% of the images. It seems that the pictorial media is shunning older adults.

And women fair much worse than men. Older men appear as much as ten times as frequently as older women, with a similar pattern among characters in children’s television cartoons. Approximately 77% of older characters on those shows are male. As for ethnicity, a 2002 study that examined 835 television characters found only four African American characters over the age of 60, and other ethnic groups were almost totally absent from the 60+ age group. They are have become invisible in television and film.

In America, advertising that portrays older adults overwhelmingly associates them with health-related products. Interestingly, seniors appear even if these products are for ailments that are not particularly age-related (e.g., allergy medications). In advertisements related to Alzheimer’s disease, long-term institutionalization, and loss of bladder control, older adults are invariably shown as being happy, smiling and generally being amiable.

Television and film executives argue that older adults do not comprise their primary target audiences. They argue that older clients stick with the same products. But do not tell that to Lexus. By providing an excellent quality product and customer support, older people did switch brands. Perhaps older adults are waiting for the right quality product. Moreover, one look at television will tell you that perhaps that product is not out yet. Nevertheless, perhaps there is a possibility with film.

The Coming of Age film festival—which première’s its second year on January 12, 2012 at Balboa Park’s Museum of Photographic Arts (MOPA)—will highlight how some films can represent older adults realistically. The champion of older adults, Florida Senator Claude Pepper once lamented: “Are the elderly the lepers of television, ostracized from public view?” 

Not yet.  The Coming of Age festival is addressing that imbalance, one film at a time. To book free seats, call MOPA at  619-238-7559 or visit their website at www.mopa.org.

Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and is currently on sabbatical at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com

Seeing through Ages

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One of our greatest fears is becoming dependent. Blindness and vision impairment—which increase with age—directly contribute to dependency, presenting challenges to families and caregivers.

National studies indicate that vision loss is associated with diabetes, heart disease, stroke, death, falls and injuries, depression, and social isolation. It also compromises our quality of life because it diminishes our ability to read, drive, walk, watch entertainment and participate actively in visual art. Eventually vision loss and blindness isolates us from others.

Vision impairment comprises an important public health issue for older adults, affecting one out of six older Americans.  Vision impairments double in persons aged 80 years compared with persons ten years younger. Although more than half of those with impaired vision could improve their eyesight by using prescription lexes, others experience underlying diseases that can result in blindness.

Because eyes are such refined organs in the body, they are prone to damage through increase in blood pressure. Anything that contributes to blood pressure can therefore directly cause blindness—smoking, high cholesterol, being overweight and diabetes. These serious diseases include diabetic retinopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. Vision problems might start slowly, but they have serious consequences that can lead to blindness. In many cases, blindness can be prevented through early detection and treatment.

Cataracts, the most common eye disease, afflict nearly one in three older adults. A cataract is a clouding of the eye’s lens. More than 15 million Americans aged 65 years or older have a cataract in one or both eyes. By 2020, the estimated number of people aged 40 or older with cataracts is expected to rise to more than 30 million.

Afflicting one in ten older adults, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the second most common type of eye diseases among older adults.

Glaucoma is caused by fluid pressure which damages the eye’s optic nerve. Both slow- and fast-developing (painful) glaucoma characterize this disease which is more prevalent among Blacks and Latinos. The number of glaucoma cases specifically among Latinos aged 65 years or older who have diabetes is expected to increase 12-fold by 2050.

On the other hand, AMD affects the central part of the retina (macula), occurring in both wet and dry forms. Wet AMD occurs when blood vessels start leaking under the macula, impairing the senses. While dry AMD—the most common in about 90% of cases—is where the macula thins over time.  AMD is more likely to affect Whites and accounts for half of all blindness among White Americans.  AMD cases are expected to double by 2050, increasing to 17.8 million.

Among older adults who reported moderate or extreme vision loss, one out of four reported that cost prevented them from seeking eye care. In some cases a balanced nutritional supplement can save your eyesight. Older adults should know that Medicare pays for glaucoma screening, cataract removal, and treatment of macular degeneration in some cases. Although Medicare does not pay for routine eye examinations or glasses, numerous agencies offer free or reduced-rate examinations. Your local adult enrichment center should have more details. Eye Care America (http://www.eyecareamerica.org/), run by volunteer ophthalmologists, offers no cost screenings to those who qualify.

Aristotle and Cool Old Age

Science does not have to look to ancient Greece for ideas. Even so, some of the assumptions that we have about aging are ancient. Ask anyone what they think about getting older and you will notice that we have not progressed very much recently—the central theme that emerges about aging involves attrition and running out of juice.

The idea of attrition started with Aristotle (384-322 BC) and was later adopted by the Romans, Muslim and Western European medical establishments.  It became the basis for our early understanding of how the human body works.  Essentially, Aristotle held that the human body was filled with four humors: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. Any imbalance in these four humors resulted in diseases and disabilities. Aging is caused by the drying out and cooling of these humors. This idea had a wide following, and involved numerous hot baths and saunas in order to maintian our wetness and innate heat. 

Surprisingly, older adults do have slightly lower temperatures. The 98.6° F benchmark for body temperature comes from Carl Wunderlich—a 19th-century German physician.  In 2005,  Irving Gomolin from Winthrop University Hospital in New York, found that older people have lower temperatures than this average. In a study of 150 older people with an average age of 80-plus, they found the average temperature to be 97.7°. What is fascinating is that the older you are, the lower your body temperature.

This finding does not by itself dispute Aristotle’s. Since older people are more likely to die, then a decline in temperature would seem to indicate that their “innate heat” is ebbing.  But recent 2006 research, led by Italian researcher Bruno Conti at the Scripps Research Institute, has shown that a decline in body temperature is beneficial. The study found that mice who had lower core body temperatures lived 12% (male) to 20% (female) longer than mice with higher core body temperatures. The difference in temperatures between "cold" and "normal" mice was 0.5-0.9 F (0.3-0.5 C), which is the same difference between the average person and older adults.

The science behind this anomaly is just now becoming clear to us. One of the known ways to increase longevity is to restrict our calories. Caloric restriction increases life- and healthspan in all sorts of animals.  Several studies have reported that animals on reduced calorie diets also had a lowering of core body temperature.

It could be that lowering of the body core temperature is one way of slowing the aging process. Thus the reason older adults may have lower body temperature is not because they are dying, but because it is nature’s strategy for keeping them alive longer. In the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, men with a core body temperature below the average (median) lived significantly longer than men with body temperature above the average. Being cool is, well, cool.

Cicero and the Attitude of Aging

With all the scientific interest in anti-aging products, and all the money spent on procedures to make us look younger, healthier and more vibrant, a single reality still stands at the end of the day:  Aging is inevitable.  Being conscious of this will save you a lot of heartache (and money.)

Researchers and authors continue to discuss how best to describe ideal aging.  From Successful Aging, to Healthy Aging, to what we now call Conscious Aging, the central theme is to accept our limitations but to not let them determine who we are.

In contrast to philosophers who came before him, Cicero (106-40BC) was the first person to acknowledge aging as a period of diminished abilities but concluded that this—by itself—was not negative. Cicero had in fact articulated our current concept of psychological aging—of being conscious of the aging process and adapting accordingly.

While everyone around him searched for the holy grail of anti-aging, Cicero advocated acceptance. Reflecting his training as a diplomat, he argued that old age was a time of transition, not despair. Even though we might withdraw from active pursuits, he argued, older adults can still fulfill advisory functions. Cicero championed the belief that old age was not a disease—that we should accept our limitations and actively engage in those activities which we can still perform. It’s all about attitude. Make sure that your cup is half full.

In 2002, in a now classic study by two Yale professors, Becca Levy and Martin Slade, supported Cicero’s ideas. The researchers surveyed 660 individuals aged 50 and older on their perceptions about aging. Twenty three years later, they found that older individuals with more positive self-perceptions of aging—recorded 23 years earlier—lived 7.5 years longer than those with less positive self-perceptions of aging. This advantage remained after age, gender, income, loneliness, and functional health were included as possible factors. The findings suggest that self-perceptions influence longevity.

This year a new test is set to hit the market in Britain that measures a person’s telomeres. Telomeres are structures found on the tips of chromosomes that correlate with how fast a person is aging biologically. Predicted by Leonard Hayflick—before their discovery—telomeres tell us how many times our cells have already divided (and because the number of times is finite, we can tell how many times they can continue to replicate until they die).  Will such a test change how you behave?

It is likley that it will in a posive way. In 2005 Chris O’Brien surveyed over 3500 individuals in Britain, on how long they expected to live. On average—compared to local statistics—they under-estimated. Males estimated that thy will die 4.62 years earlier and women 5.95 years earlier than they are likely to die.  In this case, undertaking the blood test would improve our expectation of living longer. Attitude determines not just our longevity but it makes living more than just an expresssion of our telomeres.

Taoist Orgasms and Older Adults

Sometimes we joke about how other civilization, or other ages, looked upon old age. Since we have “medical-ized” aging and death, we have shielded ourselves from experiencing other ways of understanding aging. For many of us, aging refers just to the physical and mental breakdown of the body. But before modern science, the only way to learn about aging was through philosophy and religion.

Chinese philosophers probably thought about longevity and aging before anyone else. Early Taoist thinking—some 2000 BC—contended that there is an energy substance contained in the human body known as Jing—and that once your Jing has been expended, you will die. This comprised a simple but compelling explanation. Jing could be lost from the body in a variety of ways—most notably through bodily fluids.

Taoists embraced extensive practices to stimulate/increase and conserve their bodily fluids. The fluid that contained the most Jing was male semen.  Taoist men attempted to decrease the frequency of, or totally avoided ejaculation—in some cases redirecting the ejaculation—in order to conserve their life essence.  Others reportedly recycled and composted their own fecal matter as fertilizer for their crops—human manure. The Jing was the most precious of all substances because it was life personified.

With women surviving longer than men, later Taoist teachings needed to completely ignore females in order to make assertions about longevity hold. In addition to this major omission, recent studies also debunk the myth of a Jing. Studies published in the last few years show that sex, ejaculation and orgasms have the opposite effect of Taoist predictions.

In 2011 Howard Friedman correlated the “orgasm adequacy of wives” with longevity. Using data gathered from a group of 1,500 California students in the 1920’s—and following them throughout their lives—Friedman was able to correlate their sexual activities with longevity. The results were exciting. Women who had more orgasms during intercourse tended to live longer than their less responsive peers. 

For men, a 2009 British study interviewed nearly 918 men aged 45 to 59 about their sexual frequency. Ten years later, when all death records were forwarded to the researchers, they measured the subjects’ life spans. The findings were conclusive. Men who had two or more orgasms a week had died at a rate half that of the men who had orgasms less than once a month. Ejaculating more than 100 times a year increases life expectancy by 5-8 years.

The causes of longevity might include more than sexual climax. Although the climax by itself has positive neural and chemical effcts on the body, it may be that the pre-existing conditions for sex are equally or more important.  Conditions which allow for sex—and its fulfillment—to take place might be more important than the climax itself. These factors may include being healthy, gregarious, active, a certain level of hygiene and cognitive functioning, physical capacity, as well as certain level of social adaptness. All, by themselves, may comprise strong correlates of longevity, without the climax. However, these studies do debunk myths that conserving the Jing will promote living longer.  

Hearing loss

A sure sign that you’re becoming hard of hearing, is that you start noticing that people mumble. And they do—it just wasn’t an issue before. When Ludwig Van Beethoven went deaf he was still able to create music and play music. However, although he could “hear” his music, he still could not hear the applause of his audience.

Hearing loss in older age has repercussions beyond individual sensory loss.  Those close to you start to get irritated with you. Some might stop talking to you altogether.  As frustrating as this may be for you, remember that it is also frustrating for friends and family members. Hearing plays a key part in how we communicate—talking on the phone, listening to the television or radio, and our daily face-to-face conversations. Loss of hearing creates difficulties in our primary means of communicating. Even so, the difficulty of accepting change—and especially change in our personal health—causes many people to blame anything and everything before admitting that their hearing isn’t what it used to be. But if these symptoms are familiar, you may need help.

Late-onset deafness—after age 65—usually results from diminished functionality in the middle ear. There are two primary causes. One is an erosion of microscopic blood vessels in the middle ear causes hearing loss but often does not affect the individual's ability to hear and understand speech.

The second degeneration is caused by loss of the ear's tiny 'hair' cells—known clinically as presbycusis. Presbycusis can have a more serious affect on the ability to understand speech. Vital components of speech sounds, usually the higher pitched consonants which define speech, become indistinguishable. For this reason many people first experience difficulty in understanding women and children—and since men are more likely than women to have hearing impairment, this can and does create psychological friction. Lower pitched male voices are often easier to hear and comprehend. As hearing deteriorates, the ability to understand speech becomes more severely affected.

While Whites and Latinos have a higher prevalence of hearing problems than Blacks, sensory impairments create a substantial problem for older Americans in general: One out of four has impaired hearing, and hearing impairments double from age 70 to age 80.  As U.S. life expectancy increases, the prevalence of hearing impairments among older adults will increase—impacting our ability to maintain independence, health, and quality of life.

Some people may have a genetic predisposition to hearing loss.  For others, diet and lifestyle may play a role. For example, exposure to noise or pressure, such as diving or flying, in one’s earlier years will hasten the onset of noticeable hearing loss. Other factors including osteoporosis and diuretic medications may also contribute directly to diminished hearing.

Vanity plays a major barrier to acknowledging that our hearing is not what it used to be and that we need hearing aids. Hearing aids have improved, but still noticeable and the quality remains a compromise. But successful aging means understanding our limitations, and overcoming them. Aging is a privilege, attesting to the fact that we have surmounted many of the inconvenient barriers that life has thrown at us.

Medicine and Religion at the end of life.

There are no guidebooks about getting old. Each of us experiences aging differently and we each deal with these changes in our own way. When we are younger, we have a very general sense—perhaps a distant idea—about aging.  But generally, our ideas don’t get more refined until we actually experience changes associated with aging.  These changes slowly make us aware about our eventual death.

Most of us have come across statistics about death, but these facts get blurred.  It is uncomfortable to think about death.  But while growing old may be a privilege, death is a certainty.

The British geriatrician Arthur Norman Exton-Smith—in a classic study—found that nearly half of his dying elderly patients were delirious at the time of death.  Despite the availability of hospice care both at home and hospital which often provides palliative care that deals with the pain rather than the disease—most people either do not utilize this service or use it too late. As a result, widespread distress about death remains common.

A study in 1997 by Joanne Lynn and her colleagues at George Washington University interviewed family members of older adults who died in hospitals. The authors reported that four in ten patients had severe pain most of the time. Overall, one in ten patients had a final resuscitation attempt. One fourth of patients were put under a ventilator, and a feeding tube was used in four tenths of patients. Under these circumstances death becomes a medical and technological failure.

With this overwhelming failure, some look to religion for answers. It is not by chance that all religions deal with death.  Most have fairly elaborate rituals that formalize how the dying person—and their loved ones—deal with life’s end-game.

Despite its historical role in filling this vacuum, some religions today seem to be diluting these important rituals. How prepared are faith leaders to deal with their constituents’ end-of-life issues? A number of Master theses within the Department of Gerontology and Religious Studies at SDSU have attempted to answer this question, resulting in some surprising answers.

The studies found that despite growing numbers of older constituents, most faith leaders are ill-equipped to deal with such issues. Religious leaders often receive little formal training in dealing with end-of-life issues; devote very little time to dying congregational members; and most surprisingly, are not comfortable talking about death.

Both religion and medicine are coming together to address the needs of people at the end-of-life. The evolving methods to deal with death is a central mission of hospice care—started in the 1950s by Dame Cicely Saunders, an Oxford graduate. Modern day hospice has evolved to include the spiritual as well as the palliative. In addition to providing spiritual and palliative care to the patient, one of the evolving roles is to provide spiritual counseling, respite and education for grieving loved ones. Sometimes continuing this support to the family even after the patient has died. Dealing with death requires help, support and some guidance to understanding its finality. 

Dreaming of Traveling

An AARP national telephone survey of 29,000 older adults recently asked people to describe their “top dream.”

Surprisingly, it was to travel. Two out of  five older adults said that vacation and travel was their top dream, ranked above hobbies and interests (15%); kids, grandkids, family and friends (13%); faith and spirituality (6%); good health (6%); and career, job and work (5%). So it comes as of little surprise that a 2007 survey of 30,000 consumers age 42+ by the New York-based Focalyst—found more than 81 million older adults who were planning to travel in the next year planned to spend a total of $126 billion. This economic potential does not go unnoticed by the travel industry.

More than 100 million Americans today are age 45 or older, their households accounting for 91% of the America’s net worth. This group represents the largest, fastest growing, richest consumer market on the planet, accounting for half of earth’s consumer spending.

However, do not think that Club Med might refer to Medication rather than Mediterranean, as these older traveling consumers enjoy both health and wealth. Research of older adults has resulted in the shattering of some stereotypes. Boomers are the wealthiest generation in history, and even though only 9 percent are truly affluent—defined as having pre-tax incomes of $150,000 or more if working, or $100,000 or more if retired—this 9 percent will transform travel as we know it.

It seems there is no limit to what American adventure travel will entail.  Travel brochures promote Everest treks, tours to Galapagos turtle breeding grounds, retreats at monasteries, and romps in exotic naughty places. Although France is the top tourist destination in the world with 75 million visitors in 2009, America makes the most money from tourism—more than $87 billion. In addition, Americans have become the top international tourists abroad. In around half of all international travelling, Americans end up in Western Europe and of these, one in five go to Britain, and equally to France and Germany (combined). Asia is the second destination for a quarter of all Americans’ international trips.

This resurgence of travel among older Americans may reflect not only affluence, but could be a backlash to years of work in careers that offered little opportunity for travel while working. On average, Americans have half as many holidays as workers in other developed countries. Workers in Italy—which surpasses all countries—have more than two-month annual holidays. American workers, at the bottom of the vacation list, average just over two weeks holiday a year. Retirement becomes an opportunity to make up for lost time.

In such a highly dynamic environment, airlines need to develop specific marketing strategies to cater to the needs of older travelers. In terms of representing the needs of boomers and the aging population, cruise ships are currently doing a better job than airlines. And there is no loyalty, more than half of all Boomers agree that in today’s marketplace, it doesn’t pay to be loyal to one brand or one method of travel. We are in for some radical changes.

Ageless Animals

Not all immortal beings come to us from Hollywood. In the same league as Peter Pan, Dracula and The Highlander, nature’s real-life examples of immortal beings include the turritopsis nutricula. This fairly small species of jellyfish—at 0.18inches—may be the only animal in the world to have truly discovered the fountain of youth. It can cycle from a mature adult to an immature polyp stage—its first stage of life—and back again. We do not know whether turritopsis nutricula retains any memory, or if it goes through an endless cycle of brainless regeneration—much like Hollywood's creations. It could be using its own body to provide the nutrients for a new being. The same mistake was made by French eugenist Alex Carrel, the Nobel prize winner in 1912, when he kept chicken heart cells alive “indefinitely” by feeding them stem cells.

The modern crusade to find immortality continues. However exciting turritopsis nutricula might be for biologists, it does not stir the hearts of modern Americans, who are accustomed to drawing their inspiration from fictional ideals. Besides, immortality has one simple problem to surmount, but it is a big one--physics.

One of the few all-encompassing laws in biology, which is determined in turn by physics, is Kleiber's Law. Max Klieber, a Swiss agricultural chemist, predicted that mass determines metabolism, and metabolism determines longevity. Larger animals live longer.

Kleiber’s Law, however, was complicated by Caleb Finch from the University of Southern California who, while researching aging among animals, found "negligible" aging among rougheye rockfish (who can live up to 205 years), sturgeon (150 years for females), giant tortoise (152 years), bivalves and possibly lobsters. These included no observable age-related increases in mortality rate or decreases in reproduction rate after maturity, and no observable age-related decline in physiological capacity or disease resistance. Finch coined the term "negligible senescence" to describe very slow or negligible aging. But these are just freaks of nature, exceptions to the rule. Or are they?

All this was changed dramatically by a little known experiment in the 1970's. Michael Rose began manipulating the life spans of fruit flies. He allowed fruit flies to reproduce only at late ages. This forced researchers to pay attention to the survival and reproductive vigor of the flies through their middle age. The flies evolved longer life spans and greater reproduction over the next dozen generations. This demonstrated that a “death clock” exists in each of us--which nature can re-set to give us a better chance of reproducing.

This is the kind of stuff that scientists can manipulate. And that is exactly the work done at UC San Francisco by Cynthia Kenyon--who by manipulating genes in the flatworm nearly doubled their life span. These long-lived worms still looked and acted younger than their control group brethren. This changed the way we think about aging on two counts. First, that a death clock exists that can be modified by manipulating genes, and second that longevity is associated with being healthy.

Ageless animals have thought us that there are two ways to live longer: increasing the lifespan and slowing down the aging process. Individually all we can do for now is to try to not accelerate aging by excessive behaviors.

My Personal Experiences of Aging

You can follow my personal experiences of aging on my blog:
iaging.blogspot.com

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Wiser Older Adults

Everyone has a different definition of wisdom, but we all agree that is it something that is desirable. Aristotle was one of the first to argue for the importance of practical over theoretical knowledge in determining what wisdom is. Historically—when survival to older age was less certain—it was assumed that survivors were wise. They had the practical know how to survive. However, practical knowledge is no easier concept to define.

In a 2007 study, Fredda Blanchard-Fields and Susanne Scheibe showed a disturbing video for two groups of adults, ages 20-30 and 60-75. They then they asked them to ignore what they have just watched and to play a memory game. People in the older age group performed better on the memory test. It seems that older adults are better at separating their feelings and looking at the practical task at hand. This ability allows older adults to remain positive in the light of accumulating negative experiences.

Despite multiple chronic illnesses that cause functional disability or cognitive decline, most older adults are able to tune out negative information into their late 70s and 80s. The recent 2010 AARP study that looked at wellbeing also showed that despite reporting a decrease in high overall quality of life since five years ago (48% from 50%), everyone expects their quality of life to increase in five years time. It could be that the ability to be positive—despite the reality—allows for practical and therefore wise decisions. But happiness is not solely the privilege of older adults.

A study published this year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science found a U-shaped relationship between happiness and age: Adults were happiest in youth and again in their 70s and early 80s, and least happy in middle age. A 2007 University of Chicago study similarly concluded that rates of happiness—the degree to which a person evaluates the overall quality of his present life positively—crept upward from age 65 to 85 and beyond, in both sexes.

This paradox that exist for older adults and not for younger adults—that older adults are happier despite the likelihood of multiple chronic illnesses, functional disability, cognitive decline, and accumulating negative experiences—can be the definition of wisdom.

The ability for most older adults to be able to tune out negative information and evaluate the situation on a practical foundation is unique. Raising a family, navigating a career and experiencing love, loss, success and failure educate adults. It is the ability to see all of this and still manage to search for compromise, admitting uncertainty, overcoming fear and finding flexibility that is the seat of wisdom.

This explains that it is not simply life that is a precondition for wisdom. Aristotle insisted that only individuals with good character could acquire excellence in practical wisdom. And it seems that we have known this all along as the English philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) said “To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom.”


Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and is currently on sabbatical at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com

Poverty is (really) on the Increase among Older Adults

Having $100 in San Diego is not the same as having $100 in Wichita, Kansas. Anyone can tell you that. But the federal government has ignored this for the past four decades.

The Federal Poverty Level, originally developed in 1963-1964 by Mollie Orshansky of the Social Security Administration, took the dollar costs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s economy food plan for families of three or more persons and multiplied the costs by a factor of three. As such the federal poverty level does not take into account housing costs, differences in living expenses across the country, child care, health care costs, medications and transportation. For older adults, the cost of food is the smallest cost when compared to housing costs, medications and health care—therefore the Federal Poverty Level becomes meaningless.

The 2010 Current Population Survey reported 43.6 million people living in poverty—the largest number in the 51 years for which poverty estimates have been published.

Surprisingly, the same report shows that between 2008 and 2009, poverty increased for children under age 18 (from 19.0 to 20.7 percent) and people aged 18 to 64 (from 11.7 to 12.9 percent), but decreased for older adults (from 9.7 to 8.9 percent).

Such statistics contrast wildly with today’s reality. Hardship among older adults can be gauged by increases in homelessness, having to return to work, demand for subsidized housing and requests for economic assistance. In response to the imprecision of the Federal Poverty Level, the National Academy of Science developed a new formula it hopes will replace the current one. This January, the federal government officially acknowledged the need to improve the outdated federal poverty level by releasing a ‘Supplemental Poverty Measure.’
California could not wait, having already embraced an alternate formula called the Elder Index. This index, calculated by the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research on behalf of the Insight Center for Community Economic Development, and Wider Opportunities for Women shows that the cost of living for California seniors far outpaces the Federal Poverty Level. The inadequacy of the Federal Poverty Level is important to California’s older adults as it determines eligibility for many public programs, determines funding allocations for other programs, and is used as an evaluation measure in determining program effectiveness.

The Elder Index estimates that 18.6 percent of Americans over 65 live below the poverty line, which translates to 6.8 million older adults. This index is more accurate than either the antiquated Federal Poverty Level or the Supplemental Poverty Measure because it takes into account the costs of child care, health care and transportation.

The Elder Index could take on added significance at a time when the government is flaunting an overhaul of Medicare and Social Security as its best hope for reducing the ballooning federal debt. With the potential to add more older Americans to the ranks of the poor, the numbers may underscore a need for continued—if not expanded—old-age benefits.

Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and is currently on sabbatical at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com

Ethnic Diversity Among Older Adults: Older adults becoming more diverse

By 2050 out of 439 million Americans, minorities—those Americans who identify themselves as Hispanic, Black, Asian, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander or mixed race—will account for 54 percent of the U.S. population (currently 34%). Among the nation’s children, the trend is even more pronounced—jumping to 62 percent by 2050 (compared to 44 percent today). It will no longer be accurate to refer to these ethnically diverse groups as minorities.

Immigration plays a leading role in both the growth and changing composition of the U.S. population. Immigration is the single reason why the United States has not aged as fast as most European countries.

The Pew Research Center finds that immigrants and their descendants will account for 82 percent of the projected population increase from 2005 to 2050. Nearly 20 percent of Americans will be foreign-born in 2050, compared with 12 percent in 2005, the Center projects. On the other side of the age continuum, by 2050 one in five people will be 65 and older and 59 percent will be White. That same year, when 19 million people will be age 85 and older, 67 percent will be White.

These changes signal that America is changing color while aging. Although older adults are becoming more diverse, for the next four decades, we will have a predominantly White older group, and a predominantly ethnically diverse younger group following. This seems to create social tension, especially when older adults express less tolerant views of an ethnically diverse population.

A popular view holds that older adults hold more narrow views than younger adults because they grew up in a less tolerant era. However, recent research shows that—even though they might have ethnic biases—older adults are less able to regulate associations. For older adults, implicit racial biases—which we all have—are likely to be acted upon.

Although older adults might be perceived as biased against ethnically diverse younger populations, they must, at the same time, rely on these same populations to generate the funds for their federal benefits. Especially, in light of the fact that both Social Security and Medicare rely exclusively on younger workers’ contributions.

In what we euphemistically term “pay-as-you-go,” today’s younger workers—including undocumented workers—contribute to the benefits of current retirees. In a now outdated but pertinent 1994 study, Donald Huddle estimated that total revenues from undocumented workers was $10 billion, including $7 billion in Social Security taxes.

Because of proposed changes under discussion for Social Security and Medicare, any changes to these federal benefit systems will have grave impact on younger workers who are currently supporting today’s older adults. And these workers will predominantly be ethnically diverse. The “pay-as-you-go” system might become a “pay-and-go” system. Older adults have an obligations to maintain current privileges to younger Americans.

Mario Garrett, Ph.D., is a professor of gerontology at San Diego State University and is currently on sabbatical at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He can be reached at mariusgarrett@yahoo.com